The House Of Bernarda Alba Essay Example For Students

The House Of Bernarda Alba Essay Explain the significance of the opening scene and as a director explain what impact you would like the scene to have on the audience and how you would achieve this.  The play The House of Bernarda Alba is written by Frederico Garcia Lorca. In the opening scene the playwright uses many different techniques to create a dramatic effect for the audience. I have been asked to explain the impact I would like to create as a director and how I would achieve this. As a director I would want to create an important image straight from the beginning of the play, which I feel Frederico Garcia Lorca achieved extremely well. He created a simple picture however a very memorable one. Almost like a clinic and too clean is the impression the audience first get as the curtains pull up with the very white room. This lets the audience know how obsessed Bernarda is with appearance and control. It also tells us how Bernarda feels the need to impress her neighbours constantly as she always wants to be the best and to control her daughters. The thick walls of the room the audience see gives the impression that the room is almost like a prison and caved in. Again, adding to the idea of Bernarda controlling and keeping her daughters inside away from any men. We will write a custom essay on The House Of Bernarda Alba specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another part of Bernarda, which I feel is important to emphasise to the audience, is her constant need to be above everyone else and how highly she thinks of herself. The audience may almost feel intimidated by the arched doorways as it shows how high class Bernarda is. At this point the audience would be under a great deal of tension and pressure due to the overall silence. This period of the play where no acting takes place gives the audience time to think about the image the playwright has created and almost feel the hot temperature of Spain. As a director, this is the exact effect I would want the audience to experience. The black on the jute curtains also adds to the overall negativity the audience already feel. So again, building and building the tension. The Maid enters. She is going mad with the sound of those tolling bells which gives the impression that this part of Spain is sacred and religious. The sound also adds to the tension as it is a loud, bold sound and the audience feel as if the must not make a single sound or movement. Poncia then enters eating bread and a sausage. I think she would enter with movement different than how she would walk if Bernarda was there. She entered freely and without a care because there was nobody to give her into trouble for slouching or scuffing her feet. Poncia and the Maid then speak about Magdelena fainting and speak about her like she is pathetic and going to be alone now because her father was the only one she had. Shes the one whos going to be the loneliest, the Maid says with a tone that suggests she doesnt care about Magdelena. The two cleaners then begin to steal food from the cupboards of Bernardas house. If Bernarda should see you tells us that they are forbidden to do this and are being sneaky as they know Bernarda will not be worrying about food, only the funeral. The tone used by the Maid suggests how shocked and disguisted she was at Poncia stealing. Frederico Garcia Lorca added humor to this part of the scene as they were stealing from a widow. The movement they would make would be quiet and sly however the tone the use in their voice suggests they dont feel bad about what they are doing, just scared to get caught. .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .postImageUrl , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:hover , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:visited , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:active { border:0!important; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:active , .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1 .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb20b0cc81024e56ba20f4f04db371f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The following piece of literature EssayThe audience would feel a ease now, in contrast from the tension the felt at the beginning. We are then made aware of the feelings the Maid and Poncia have towards Bernarda. Shes coming! Scrub everything clean. If Bernarda doesnt see things shine, shell pull out the few hairs I have left! emphasises that Poncia thinks she is an evil woman and she is terrified of her. But Im a good dog tells us she knows her place and will do as she is told so she doesnt upset Bernarda. Fredrico Garcia Lorca has created quite a humorous scene as some of the things the cleaners say about Bernarda is funny. Spit at her for a whole year Poncia says to emp hasise her hatred towards the woman. Poncia would have a very spiteful tone here. When the mourners enter the room when they return from the funeral we meet Bernarda for the first time. Two hundred mourners enter, all woman. This suggests that all the ladies liked Bernardas husband. Bernarda enters, leaning on a cane and there is a silence which creates tension and intimidation. Bernardas posture suggested she was the boss as she stood tall and held her head high. Every single person is in black so there is a contrast between the white room. Black also carries the extremely negative connotations. The first thing she says is Silence! to the Maid. This reinforces the sense of authority and control as she spoke with loud volume and a patronising tone. Also as the maid was on the floor and Bernarda was standing, status was a clear image. She dominates the stage and then leads the prayers. Frederico Garcia Lorca created a contrast between the previous scene as is was slightly more laid back. The playwright caused the audience to be scared and worried about what Bernarda will so or say next. The next part of the scene which I consider to be important is when Bernarda asks Adela for a fan. Adela hands her Mother a coloured fan. This is the first mention of any colour so suggests Adelas character is bold and out there. Bernarda is appauled at this and says Give me a black one and learn to respect your Fathers memory!. At this moment the Playwright wanted the audience to feel tense and shocked about how horrible the character of Bernarda is. He achieved this extremely well.  To conclue, I feel that Frederico Garcia Lorca used techiniques to create tension in the audience. He achieved this well through good use of voice and movement. The audience were constantly thinking about what Bernarda will say and this is what he wanted to achieve.

DNA Extraction Lab Report Essay Example

DNA Extraction Lab Report Essay Example DNA Extraction Lab Report Paper DNA Extraction Lab Report Paper Extraction and purification of DNA are the first steps in the analysis and manipulation of DNA that allow scientists to detect genetic disorders, produce DNA finger rings of individuals, and even create genetically engineered organisms that c an produce beneficial products such insulin, antibiotics, and hormones. DON A can be extracted from many types of cells. For this lab, we extracted DNA from a strawberry and our own cheek cells. D AN can be extracted from cells by a simple technique with household chemicals, enable Eng us to see strands of DNA with the naked eye. In this lab, we added a buffer solution composed of salt, clear dish detergent, and denizen d water for procedure the strawberry part). For procedure 2( our cheek cells), e used the same buffer solution but added red food coloring so we can dusting sushi the DNA from the rest of the cellular components because it was all a white mixture. Finally, ethanol was added in the test tubes because DNA is soluble in w eater and alcohol causes DNA to isolate from the solution, leaving behind all the c alular components that arent soluble in alcohol. These solutions allow the break kiddo of lipids surrounding the DNA such as the nuclear envelope and proteins that make up a cell membrane. A few minutes later, clumps of a white substances e that looks like mucus can be seen. That mixture of DNA an be spooled with a stirring rod and pulled out of the solution. Design for procedure 1: Hypothesis when DNA extraction buffer is added to a strawberry mixture the DNA becomes visible. Dependent variable: DNA in strawberry Independent variable: DNA extraction buffer Control group: Strawberry mixture in the bag without the buffer Experimental group: strawberry mixture with DNA extraction buffer Design for procedure 2: Hypothesis when you gargle salt water your cheek cells get suspended in the salt water after being spit out. Dependent: cheek cells Independent: salt water Control group: regular water Experimental: salt water Materials for 1st Procedure: DNA extraction buffer (900 ml of denizen water, 50 ml of CLC AR dishwashing detergent, 2 teaspoons of salt), a whole straw Webber, suspicious bag, plastic cups, cheesecloth, funnel, test tubes, pipette, paper towel, stirring rod, and ethanol Materials for 2nd procedure: DNA extraction buffer (900 ml of denizen water, 50 ml of CLC ear dishwashing detergent, 2 teaspoons of salt), a whole straw Webber, suspicious bag, plastic CUPS, cheesecloth, funnel, test tubes, pipette, paper towel, stirring rod, red food coloring, and ethanol Method for procedure 1: We began this part of the lab by adding a strawberry to a Copilot storage back and one of our group members used her hands to smash the strawberry. W e then added 10 ml of the DNA extraction buffer. We mashed the strawberry in the buffer for one minute. Then, we used a funnel and cheesecloth (or coffee e filters) to filter the strawberry juice into a single test tube or beaker. After the at, we slowly poured cold ethanol or 91% spoilsport alcohol over the top o f the strawberry mixture. To get a single layer of clear ethanol on top of the strawberry mixture, we used a pipette to add the ethanol. When we observed who tie strands forming in the ethanol layer, we used an inoculating loop or stirring rod to spool the strands. Method for procedure 2: We first select a group member to participate in the experiment. We obtained a cup and poured 200 MI of drinking water and added two teaspoons of salt . He (Frank) gargled the salt water for 1 minute. After the minute was up, he spit the gargled water into another cup. By doing this, his cheek cells were e now suspended in the salt water. He gently stirred the salt water with o en drop of soap. We then mixed 20 ml spoilsport alcohol and 13 drops of DOD coloring in a separate beaker. Then, we transferred the gargled salt water/ soap solution to a test tube to make it easier to see the DNA. After, we gently pop rued the colored alcohol over the top of the gargled water and it formed a layer on top. We waited for about 2. 5 minutes and we saw white clumps and strings forming. THIS WAS DNA! FRR Ann. Then used a stirring rod to spool the clumps of DNA out of the solution. Analysis What does DNA look like? The DNA is in the form of a spider web. Why is it important for scientists to be able to remove DNA from cells? It is important because DNA shows the genetic makeup of organisms and are the building blocks of differentiation between organisms. What is the role of detergent, ethanol, and salt in the extraction process? Deters .NET allows the breakdown of the nuclear membrane so DNA can come out. Ethan 01 allows DNA to clump up so it can be extracted much easier. Salt helps put and keep the DNA together. Is there DNA in your food? How do you know? Why are you not harmed (or altered) by ingesting the DNA of another organism? What implication does this have for farmers who would use GM (genetically modified) plants? Yes, there is DNA in our food; the strawberry DNA extraction experiment proved this to be true. We are not harmed by the DNA because they cant survive the internal conditions of our body. Once they enter the acidic environment of our stomachs, they are broken down and they can no longer function properly or at all; they are denatured. Therefore, they are not able to harm us. Its implication is that they can continue using it since it doesnt harm our cells. Conclusion To recap, DNA is a small molecule composed of four nucleotide bases; Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine, Guanine pairing with Cytosine, and Thymine pap inning with Adenine. The DNA is in the shape of double helix strands. DNA is the bal preprint to life; every living thing contains DNA From this lab, our group has learned how to extract DNA from strawberries and ourselves and have it made visible to the naked eye. Strawberries have eight sets of chromosomes. For procedure 1 , the goal is to e extract DNA from the strawberry. The purpose of the lab is to extract the DNA from the cells and observe it visibly with the human eye. In order to extract DNA from them, you must simply take the pink strawberry solution. By using ethanol, detergent, and salt, you will e that DNA will soon become visible, making it appear as a white mucus or in a spider formation. Thats how you can see it is ready for access able extraction. For procedure 2, the same buffer is used to extra CT DNA from ones cheek cells, but is dyed red to distinguish the DON A from other components. The solutions used for both procedures break down substances surrounding the DNA , such as the nuclear envelope, proteins, and other components. Once clumps of a white substance ( DNA) become visible, they can be pulled out of the test TU be with a stirring rod and examined without a microscope!

Considering Some Cases from West's Legal Environment of Business by Assignment - 9

Considering Some Cases from West's Legal Environment of Business by Cross and Miller - Assignment Example Atlantic Golf Resort may argue that it should be absolved from blame in that the law provides that when a person takes part in an activity with the knowledge that there is an unavoidable risk of injury, that person is not protected by the inherently dangerous activity. Therefore, Ursula and Titan may not claim that the golf resort should be charged for negligence on the injury suffered by Ariel. The implication of this is that when a person is injured by the inherently dangerous activity brought by him, he is not able to recover damages due to the injuries resulting from the dangerous activity. The exculpatory clause has the effect of modifying the obligation that would otherwise arise on Atlantic Golf Resort by implication of the law or under the statute in which the contract was made. The exemption clause that released Atlantic from any form of liability will not generally not of itself serve to protect any person including Titan and Atlantic from liability whether they were the independent contractor or the owner of the company. Atlantis Golf Resort, therefore, is not capable of using the clause to escape liability while Ursula and Titan may also not rely on the clause to escape joint liability with the golf company. In the United States, it is unlawful to harass a person because of the sex of that person and this includes sexual harassment, which may include unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, or verbal or physical harassment that are sexual in nature and includes remarks (Cross and Miller, 2004).  

Privatization of State Owned Enterprises Research Proposal

Privatization of State Owned Enterprises - Research Proposal Example Governments in developed countries (e.g. Britain and Japan) started privatizing SOEs in the early 1980s; by the late 1980s it had become apparent that a privatization revolution would sweep the world (Young, 1987). While the bulk of privatizations during the past decade occurred in developed countries, in recent years the emphasis has shifted to developing countries (The Economist, 1993). In these countries, capital markets can hardly absorb the large amounts of privatized equity, and governments are offering to sell SOEs to western multinationals as strategic owners (The Economist, 1993; Ramamurti, 1992). In addition, these countries look to western multinational enterprises for managerial and technical know-how. This trend creates possibilities for growth and entry into countries whose economies are currently expanding faster than most developed economies. While privatization in the 1980s created opportunities for portfolio investments, the 1990s also promise the control of privati zed firms through mergers and acquisitions (Freudenberg and Bird, 1991; Nankani, 1990; Ramamurti, 1992). For these reasons, privatization is considered here to be an international management concern. Empirical research and theory on direct investment into former SOEs, unfortunately, is scant. Economists generally agree that reducing government ownership of companies improves the macro-performance of an economy, and they also expect that a competitive environment and market discipline should increase the efficiency of the privatized firm (Donahue, 1989; Hutchinson, 1991; Ramamurti, 1992; Vickers and Yarrow, 1988). Empirical research on this latter point, however, has yielded conflicting results (Cook and Kirkpatrick, 1988; Hutchinson, 1991; Parker and Hartley, 1991). Strategic management research considering the performance of the SOE after it is acquired by a private firm is missing entirely. No mergers and acquisitions work has yet considered the purchase of SOEs, nor have researchers examined the conceptual relationship between traditional mergers and the acquisition of an enterprise from the government. On the one hand, the public/private shift inherent in privatization might imply that acquisition processes work differently for privately and publicly owned firms. The strategy, structure, and culture of the public organization can be expected to differ significantly from those of private firms because of the often special missions of SOEs and distinct environments in which they may be operating (Aharoni, 1986). Since post-acquisition integration processes are determined by the historic conditions of the merging firms (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh, 1988; Shrivastava, 1986), these differences may crucially influence the success of a merger between a private firm and a newly privatized SOE. The pre-acquisition conditions of the target also influence performance (Datta et al., 1992), and thus the distinctive contingencies of the SOE can be expected to affect post-acquisition performance as well. Furthermore, the objectives of a government selling an SOE are as much political -- that is, cat ering to specific stakeholder groups, for instance current employees of the SOE -- as economic, a fact that should significantly affect the negotiations and may also determine the post-privatization performance of the former SOE. Only recently has the strategic management literature begun to examine the implications of government policy for

Symposium Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symposium Reflection - Essay Example The speaker concentrated on the necessity and the importance of such type of communication as â€Å"pillow talk†. Amanda explained that in her research she connects this state after orgasm, when the level of Oxytocin which is often called a hormone of happiness, with the increased level of intimacy and security people may experience. This physiological state is very important and if couples learn to open up to each other in such moments it can benefit their relationships in general. Unfortunately, in modern culture people are taught to pay little attention to â€Å"pillow talks† because they can be too intimate and often regarded as redundant. Moreover, Amanda criticizes the present state of things and explains that in a men`s world, a pick up artists` world in particular, much attention is dedicated to the conversation that precedes sex and it seems that the intercourse is the final goal. While in reality sex can only be a basic level of good relationships and only mea ningful communication can bring it to a new level. The topic which Amanda Dees raises in her research looks extremely important to me because paradoxically all adult people have sex but only a small number of them are able to talk about it freely with their partners. People still feel that this is one of taboo topics and any information on it must be kept privately or delivered with the help of hints even to their husbands and wives. This causes troubles for couples because they feel ashamed to explain each other their preferences, weaknesses, and fears, and this lack of communication on the most intimate topic provokes conflicts eventually. And it feels extremely right to make people understand that the conversations about sex and feelings are essential, natural, and moreover required for healthy relationships. I think that if a person takes responsibility to have sex with another person he/she must at least

Robert F Kennedys Rhetoric

Robert F Kennedys Rhetoric The aim of this thesis is to conduct research into a selection from Robert F. Kennedys 1968 presidential election campaign speeches, in order to outline the key features of his utterances that earned him success in inspiring masses and frightened the power structure. One of the reasons I have decided to conduct research into Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric is personal. The speech given on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. has drawn my attention to Robert Kennedys unique talent as a public speaker. The other reason is driven by the fact that there is a lack of literature directly discussing the aspects of Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric. With this work I want to demonstrate that the domain of Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric is one worthy to be explored and to suggest the topic for further research. In Chapter 3, entitled Corpus Description and Evaluation I describe the events and the target audiences of the analysed public addresses. In addition I also delineate the main linguistic aspects of the particular speeches and I explain in what terms the analysed material meets the research criteria. In Chapter 4 I describe political speech as an individual genre within the domain of political discourse. I also explain from what perspective Robert Kennedys selected addresses fall under the genre of political speech. I devote Chapter 5 to Robert Kennedys biography, character study and the historico-political background of the time for several reasons. During the analysis of the core research material I lay great emphasis on the contextual meaning (Firth 1957 in Downes 1998: 371) of Robert Kennedys utterances. Therefore I want to make the reader familiar with the context and the so called member resources (Fairclough 1989) within the discourse of Robert Kennedys selected addresses. Fairclough describes these member resources as prototypes which people have in their heads and draw upon when they produce or interpret texts including their knowledge of language, representations of the natural and social worlds they inhabit, values, beliefs, assumptions, and so on. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] they are social in the sense that they have social origins they are socially generated, and their nature is dependent on the social relations and struggles out of which they were generated [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Fairclough 1 989: 24) I regard Chapter 6 as the body of the thesis. This is the reason why its title is identical with the title of the thesis. Within this chapter I devote separate subchapters to the discourse strategies and different aspects of Robert Kennedys rhetoric. I describe the ways of addressing the target audiences, the forms of interaction between Robert Kennedy and his audiences and the methods of confrontation of the target audiences. I examine the degree of Robert Kennedys subjectivity and personal involvement in the selected addresses and I also introduce to the reader the means of persuasion applied by Robert Kennedy and his rhetorical idiosyncrasies. Chapter 6 as the most complex and most extensive unit of the thesis is intended to provide information essential for answering the research questions formulated in the following chapter. 2 Research Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology The main objective of the analysis of Robert Kennedys selected public addresses is to point out to what degree are his discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by factors like the topics covered, the speech events and the nature of the target audiences. According to Stanley Fish there are two ways of language that have shaped the history of Western thought: on the one hand, language that faithfully reflects or reports on matters of fact uncoloured by any personal or partisan agenda or desire; and on the other hand, language that is infected by partisan agendas and desires, and therefore colours and distorts the fact which it purports to reflect. It is the use of the second kind of language that makes one a rhetorician, while adherence to the first kind makes one a seeker after truth and an objective observer of the way things are. (Fish 1989 in Richards 2008:6-7) I will analyse the discourse strategies and the rhetorical devices in Robert Kennedys selected public addresses with an additional intention to prove that in terms by Fish he is a seeker after truth and an objective observer of the way things are. During the writing process I will concentrate my effort on answering the following research questions: Are the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by the topic rendered by the speaker? Are the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by the speech event and the nature of the target audience? I would like to build my hypothesis on Hallidays statement that all language functions in contexts of situation and is relatable to those contexts. The question is not what peculiarities of vocabulary, or grammar or pronunciation can be directly accounted for by reference to the situation. It is which kinds of situational factor determine which kinds of selection in the linguistic system. (Halliday 2009: 94) Through my research I will attempt to prove that Robert Kennedys rhetorical devices and discourse strategies in his selected utterances are predetermined by situational factors like the topic, the speech event and the nature of the target audience. I hereby underline that I will analyse the contextual meaning (Firth 1957 in Downes 1998) of Robert Kennedys utterances in order to substantiate my theory of predetermination. From the methodological perspective, I subject the research material to a qualitative political discourse analysis. I will conduct a critical reading of the transcripts of the selected public speeches and simultaneously listen to the audio recordings of the addresses in order to outline also those aspects of Robert Kennedys utterances which cannot be exposed only through the analysis of their transcripts. These are especially the paralinguistic features, like the tone of voice, intonation, gestures etc. The audio recordings will help me to clarify ambiguous situations where the question what is said? will not allow for any adequate judgements. In order to avoid lengthy repetitions of the titles of the selected speeches I have decided to deploy an indexing method. Therefore I will further refer to the University of Kansas address as Speech A, to the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King as Speech B and to the Cleveland City Club address as Speech C. Through the research I will refer to Robert Francis Kennedy as Robert Kennedy or RFK. The core research material has been selected according to the following research criteria: public speeches with a classical rhetorical organizational pattern public speeches delivered to target audiences of different nature addresses with various speech events addresses with various topics of moral values utterances free of partisan agendas In my work I predominantly rely on the following literature: The factual information for Robert Kennedys biography, character study and the historico-political background of the time I retrieve from Robert Kennedy and his Times (1985) written by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and from RFK: His Life and Death (1968) written by Jay Jacobs. The book RFK: Collected Speeches (1993) edited and introduced by Edwin O. Guthman and C. Richard Allen contains valuable information about the events and the context of the selected public addresses. The theoretical knowledge for the analysis of the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices in Robert F. Kennedys selected public addresses I gain from the following works: Language and Power (1989) by Norman Fairclough is an especially useful source for critical discourse analysis as it contains several demonstrations of discourse analysis in practice. I use his model for the interpretation of the utterance meaning in the analysed material from the position of the analyst. I draw on his conception of the member resources within a discourse, which justifies my decision to introduce to the reader the historico-political context of the analysed material and some biographical facts about Robert F. Kennedy. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics (1995) by Jenny Thomas provides me with the theoretical knowledge to decipher the illocutionary forces and the implicit meanings of Robert Kennedys particular utterances. Through the analysis of the selected addresses in Chapter 6 I rely on her model of interpreting illocutionary forces to understand the meaning of Robert Kennedys utterances depending on their context. Language and Society (2009) by M.A.K. Halliday (edited by Jonathan J. Webster) furnishes me with the conceptions of the field, tenor and mode of the discourse, which allows me to identify, what is linguistically important in a given utterance in relation to its context. I build my hypotheses on Hallidays theory that external factors determine the individuals selections in the linguistic system. Through the whole analysis of the selected addresses in Chapter 6 I rely on the above theory to identify to what degree are Robert Kennedys utterances predetermined from a linguistic perspective by factors, like the topic rendered, the speech events and the nature of the target audiences. 3 Corpus Description and Evaluation The analysed resource material of this thesis consists of a selection of three significant speeches of Robert F. Kennedys public addresses during his 1968 presidential campaign. Namely, in chronological order, the speech from March 18th, given at the University of Kansas, the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King from April 4th, delivered in Indianapolis and the Remarks on the Mindless Menace of Violence in America, delivered at the Cleveland City Club on April 5th. I would like to start the corpus description with some quantitative statistics about the analysed material. The most extensive of the texts in subject is the University of Kansas address which consists of 3942 words and 17 386 characters without spaces, the second text, which is the transcript of remarks on Martin Luther Kings assassination is composed of 618 words, counting 2653 characters without spaces and the last one, the Cleveland City Club address comprises 1080 words and 4700 characters without spaces. In the following pages of this chapter I will describe the analysed texts individually. My description will predominantly focus on the context behind the public addresses, including a portrayal of the setting and the occasion. At the end of the chapter I will also explain the reasons for integrating these particular speeches into the research. The University of Kansas address (further referred to as Speech A, in abbreviated form: SA) was delivered by Robert F. Kennedy just two days after the announcement of his candidacy for the President of the United States. It was the second real public speech of his freshly started campaign. He came to Kansas with doubts about his popularity, since the state was largely rural with a conservative majority, where he, as a liberal and a critic of the military efforts in Vietnam, could not expect much affability. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen, 1993: 323) To his and his staffs surprise, their warm reception at the campuses disproved their assumptions. With twenty thousand people present, Robert Kennedy drew the largest crowd in campus history. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen, 1993: 327) He came to the university to talk to young people, the group of citizens his campaign program predominantly aimed at. The purpose of his speech was to express his viewpoint towards the situation within the c ountry and towards the War in Vietnam, to inform and confront his audience with the problems the country was facing and to persuade them to vote for him in the election. As usual when talking to young people he began his address with his famous self-deprecating humour to set a friendly atmosphere and create a positive relationship with the target audience before he moved on to sensitive topics. The points of his argument lined up in the following order: the polarization and violence within the country, the alarming conditions of poverty in certain areas of the country and the progress of the War in Vietnam. The way Robert Kennedy renders the above mentioned issues is descriptive, with linear organisation of the topics covered. The style of addressing his audience could be characterised as direct, confrontational and contemplative. Robert Kennedys interaction with the target audience is most noticeable in this address. This speech is argumentative and demonstrates a high degree of RFKs personal involvement as he frequently asserts his own beliefs, demands and opinion. The persuasive strategy through argument dominates the address. The Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King (further referred to as Speech B, in abbreviated form: SB) was delivered in Indianapolis in the evening of April 4th 1968. RFK was heading for Indianapolis to give a speech to a mostly black American community in the city ghetto as a part of the rally. Before boarding the plane he was told that Martin Luther King had been shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Right after their plane landed he was informed that Martin Luther King had died of the injury. The crowd had been gathering for the rally in the ghetto for one hour before Robert Kennedy arrived. They were already fired up, albeit they could not have heard any official news about the assassination. Some of them were armed and violent. Robert Kennedy was advised by the police representatives not to go there, because they would not be able to defend him if mob violence broke out. RFK decided to face the danger and talk to his audience, thus taking up the unpleasant role to be the first to inform them about the death of Martin Luther King. Robert Kennedys words were meant from his heart. He alluded to the assassination of his brother. He alleviated the tension and literally tranquilized the audience. He asked the people to seek peace in their faith as a tribute to Martin Luther Kings legacy. On this occasion RFK spoke to an audience of mostly black people from the ghetto of the city. His tone of voice was moderate. Every single word of his utterance showed empathy and his personal involvement in the issue. He used simple, but at the same time delicate language and short sentences built up from sophisticated words. He managed to draw the audiences attention to terms like love, wisdom, understanding and compassion toward one another. His purpose was to shift the attitude of the crowd, to move and inspire them. He applied persuasion through emotions and through his own character. The style of the address is lyrical and emotional, obviously determined by the tragic event. This speech was built up solely from Robert Kennedys own words. It was delivered without a written template, only from the memory of RFKs own notes. For this reason this address shows several traits of extemporaneousness. As a reaction to Martin Luther Kings assassination the whole country was in flames that night, there were violent demonstrations, riots and boycotts initiated by African-American communities for revenge. In Indianapolis there were no significant protests registered. The Cleveland City Club Address (further referred to as Speech C, in abbreviated form: SC), was delivered by Robert Kennedy in Cleveland, Ohio on 5th April 1968. After the Indianapolis speech on Kings assassination, RFK cancelled his oncoming campaign appearances. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen 1993: 358) However he was persuaded by some African-American community leaders to keep his address, scheduled for the next day at the Cleveland City Club and to make it a plea for ending the violence. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen 1993: 358) RFK addressed his speech to a crowd of mostly white executives at the City Club. As usual, he conveyed his message in a moderate, soft tone of voice. The primary purpose of the speech was to express his concern about the violence in the country and to put the reasons for this growing violence in the country into focus. The overall organisation of the topics is associative. The content of the speech is confrontational and contemplative. The beginning and closing paragraphs are built up from merely simple sentences, while the core of the address consists of complex philosophical units. The style of RFKs utterance is emotive for he attempted to persuade the target audience through emotions and through his own reasoning. This is the most lyrical address of the given selection with numerous examples of figurative language. My decision to include in the research exactly these three public speeches of Robert F. Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign was determined by several factors. During the process of selection I took into consideration the previously formed research hypotheses. This approach directed me to choose speeches which adequately demonstrate to what extent were the rhetorical devices used predetermined by the target audience, the speech event and the topics covered in them. My first criterion was to select speeches that are organized according to the classical rhetorical pattern, that include introduction, argumentation and conclusion. Since all of the selected speeches are built on this pattern, they evidently meet the first criterion. The second criterion for the selection was the target audiences character. My firm intention was to analyse several of RFKs public addresses delivered to audiences of a different nature. With the given selection I managed to adhere to the plan. The speech at the University of Kansas was delivered to students, a community of young people the predominant target group of Robert Kennedys campaign. The remarks on the assassination of Martin Luther King addressed mostly black uneducated ghetto people of various age groups. The Cleveland City Club speech was given in front of mainly white executives of a higher social class. The above brief descriptions of the target audiences of the selected speeches indicate substantial heterogeneity from social perspective. The size differences between the audiences are also remarkable, with the University of Kansas crowd as the largest and the Cleveland City Club attendees as the smallest. The third criterion for the selection was the event of the particular speeches. Here I also attempted to seek variability in order to provide more objective evaluations of the rhetorical devices determined by the event of the utterance. The University of Kansas speech was an ordinary political speech during Robert Kennedys campaign rally. He covered the main points of his program: the divisions, the poverty and the War in Vietnam. He explained why he was running for the presidency and asked for the audiences support. The speech on Kings assassination was most affected by the occasion. Robert Kennedy could not deliver his pre-prepared speech instead he transformed the appearance into an honest tribute to Martin Luther Kings memory and legacy. The third speech, the Cleveland City Club address was still influenced by the happenings from the day before. Robert Kennedy again had to reformulate his initial message. Although he spoke about issues also included in his campaign proclamation, one can scarcely call his address an ordinary campaign speech. Not once he did mention his candidacy nor did he ask for any support directly. Briefly we can summarise the speech events as follows: an ordinary campaign rally at a university campus, an extemporaneous tribute to the legacy of an assassinated public leader in a city ghetto and a plea for reconciliation and non-violence in front of an audience of distinguished executives. The fourth and the most important criterion for the selection was the content of the individual speeches. Hereby I admit a relatively higher degree of subjectivity, since in this case the criterion was considerably conditioned by my own interpretation of the messages. I attempted to choose those addresses from Robert Kennedys 1968 campaign speeches which most of all prove the extraordinary phenomena of his rhetoric. The University of Kansas speech was selected for his involvement, objectivity and for the emphasis of moral obligation over material values. The lyricism and spiritualism and the calming effect of the carefully chosen words in the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King were all factors of great importance that determined my choice for this piece of rhetoric. The Cleveland City Club address is remarkable for Robert Kennedys concern about humanity. It is an emotive call for peace and reconciliation of mankind. I chose this utterance in addition to its many uniq ue qualities especially for the philosophic thoughts and prophetic words it communicates, which more than forty years later still appear to be relevant. The fifth criterion was to select speeches that are free of any partisan agendas and manifestations. Robert Kennedy in the selected addresses does not enforce any programs or any political ideologies he rather draws his audiences attention to the real conditions in the country which affect them all. Nonetheless he categorically distinguishes himself from hiding the truth in illusions and empty promises. I was lead by the above assumptions during the selection of the core research material. I hope the fact that the selected speeches evidently meet all the criteria defined justifies my choice.

Planned Organizational Change Essay -- Organizational Development, Cha

The ideal approach to creating change in any organization is to apply a realistic and deductive method of planned change. Within the realm of planned change, there is an eight-step process to implementing a program. However, there are four elements that are fundamental to any plan of action that will allow for an environment conducive to planned change. Planned change requires that those responsible for making decisions are not only rational, but must also have access to specific information pertaining to the plan, as well as the lack of constraints on time and resources (Stojkovic et al., 2008). The four key elements of planned change help to guarantee success in reaching a rational approach to important changes. The four elements needed for substantial change are innovation, accountability, leadership that will challenge historical routines, and commitment to change. In the area of innovation, it is important to note that successful change cannot occur in a passive environment and that a proactive approach for planned change is necessary (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Just as planned change cannot be successful without innovation and a proactive approach; there should also be a proactive approach to the accountability of the decision- makers if one wants to see the planned change succeed. While many organizations have already set forth accountability guidelines, they are not without a measure of corruptibility (Stojkovic et al., 2008). To implement planned changed that is going to be above reproach, a system of accountability with safeguards in place to limit corruption is necessary. The third element necessary for planned change is that there must be an acceptable leadership that is not afraid to challenge the status quo. To... ...is an insider that will guide the forces of change while simultaneously altering the climate in a positive manner (Stojkovic et al., 2008). The entire concept of an organizational change being handled sensitively with the entire culture being considered is in stark contrast to the paramilitary model where the climate is not conducive to change. Large police agencies and correctional systems are organized in a bureaucratic hierarchy. They have a clear chain of command that is rampant with formality that often makes it difficult to institute any type of change (Stojkovic et al., 2008). The top-down hierarchy considers only the organization as a whole, with top level administrators making the decisions for everyone. The lack of concern for subordinates often creates a climate of hostility that can often breed insubordination, but leave little room for alteration.